Android App 启动流程

1.什么是Zygote进程

1.1 简单介绍

  • Zygote进程是所有的android进程的父进程,包括SystemServer和各种应用进程都是通过Zygote进程fork出来的。Zygote(孵化)进程相当于是android系统的根进程,后面所有的进程都是通过这个进程fork出来的
  • 虽然Zygote进程相当于Android系统的根进程,但是事实上它也是由Linux系统的init进程启动的。

1.2 各个进程的先后顺序

  • init进程 –> Zygote进程 –> SystemServer进程 –>各种应用进程

1.3 进程作用说明

  • init进程:linux的根进程,android系统是基于linux系统的,因此可以算作是整个android操作系统的第一个进程;
  • Zygote进程:android系统的根进程,主要作用:可以作用Zygote进程fork出SystemServer进程和各种应用进程;
  • SystemService进程:主要是在这个进程中启动系统的各项服务,比如ActivityManagerService,PackageManagerService,WindowManagerService服务等等;
  • 各种应用进程:启动自己编写的客户端应用时,一般都是重新启动一个应用进程,有自己的虚拟机与运行环境;

2.Zygote进程的启动流程

2.1 源码位置

  • 位置:frameworks/base/core/java/com/android/internal/os/ZygoteInit.java
  • Zygote进程mian方法主要执行逻辑:
    • 初始化DDMS;
    • 注册Zygote进程的socket通讯;
    • 初始化Zygote中的各种类,资源文件,OpenGL,类库,Text资源等等;
    • 初始化完成之后fork出SystemServer进程;
    • fork出SystemServer进程之后,关闭socket连接;

2.2 ZygoteInit类的main方法

  • init进程在启动Zygote进程时一般都会调用ZygoteInit类的main方法,因此这里看一下该方法的具体实现(基于android23源码);

    • 调用enableDdms(),设置DDMS可用,可以发现DDMS启动的时机还是比较早的,在整个Zygote进程刚刚开始要启动额时候就设置可用。
    • 之后初始化各种参数
    • 通过调用registerZygoteSocket方法,注册为Zygote进程注册Socket
    • 然后调用preload方法实现预加载各种资源
    • 然后通过调用startSystemServer开启SystemServer服务,这个是重点
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    public static void main(String argv[]) {
    try {
    //设置ddms可以用
    RuntimeInit.enableDdms();
    SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
    boolean startSystemServer = false;
    String socketName = "zygote";
    String abiList = null;
    for (int i = 1; i < argv.length; i++) {
    if ("start-system-server".equals(argv[i])) {
    startSystemServer = true;
    } else if (argv[i].startsWith(ABI_LIST_ARG)) {
    abiList = argv[i].substring(ABI_LIST_ARG.length());
    } else if (argv[i].startsWith(SOCKET_NAME_ARG)) {
    socketName = argv[i].substring(SOCKET_NAME_ARG.length());
    } else {
    throw new RuntimeException("Unknown command line argument: " + argv[i]);
    }
    }

    if (abiList == null) {
    throw new RuntimeException("No ABI list supplied.");
    }

    registerZygoteSocket(socketName);
    EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_START,
    SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
    preload();
    EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_END,
    SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
    SamplingProfilerIntegration.writeZygoteSnapshot();

    gcAndFinalize();
    Trace.setTracingEnabled(false);

    if (startSystemServer) {
    startSystemServer(abiList, socketName);
    }

    Log.i(TAG, "Accepting command socket connections");
    runSelectLoop(abiList);

    closeServerSocket();
    } catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) {
    caller.run();
    } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
    Log.e(TAG, "Zygote died with exception", ex);
    closeServerSocket();
    throw ex;
    }
    }

2.3 registerZygoteSocket(socketName)分析

  • 调用registerZygoteSocket(String socketName)为Zygote进程注册socket

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    private static void registerZygoteSocket(String socketName) {
    if (sServerSocket == null) {
    int fileDesc;
    final String fullSocketName = ANDROID_SOCKET_PREFIX + socketName;
    try {
    String env = System.getenv(fullSocketName);
    fileDesc = Integer.parseInt(env);
    } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
    throw new RuntimeException(fullSocketName + " unset or invalid", ex);
    }

    try {
    FileDescriptor fd = new FileDescriptor();
    fd.setInt$(fileDesc);
    sServerSocket = new LocalServerSocket(fd);
    } catch (IOException ex) {
    throw new RuntimeException(
    "Error binding to local socket '" + fileDesc + "'", ex);
    }
    }
    }

2.4 preLoad()方法分析

  • 源码如下所示

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    static void preload() {
    Log.d(TAG, "begin preload");
    preloadClasses();
    preloadResources();
    preloadOpenGL();
    preloadSharedLibraries();
    preloadTextResources();
    // Ask the WebViewFactory to do any initialization that must run in the zygote process,
    // for memory sharing purposes.
    WebViewFactory.prepareWebViewInZygote();
    Log.d(TAG, "end preload");
    }
  • 大概操作是这样的:

    • preloadClasses()用于初始化Zygote中需要的class类;
    • preloadResources()用于初始化系统资源;
    • preloadOpenGL()用于初始化OpenGL;
    • preloadSharedLibraries()用于初始化系统libraries;
    • preloadTextResources()用于初始化文字资源;
    • prepareWebViewInZygote()用于初始化webview;

2.5 startSystemServer()启动进程

  • 这段逻辑的执行逻辑就是通过Zygote fork出SystemServer进程

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    private static boolean startSystemServer(String abiList, String socketName)
    throws MethodAndArgsCaller, RuntimeException {
    long capabilities = posixCapabilitiesAsBits(
    OsConstants.CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND,
    OsConstants.CAP_KILL,
    OsConstants.CAP_NET_ADMIN,
    OsConstants.CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE,
    OsConstants.CAP_NET_BROADCAST,
    OsConstants.CAP_NET_RAW,
    OsConstants.CAP_SYS_MODULE,
    OsConstants.CAP_SYS_NICE,
    OsConstants.CAP_SYS_RESOURCE,
    OsConstants.CAP_SYS_TIME,
    OsConstants.CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG
    );
    /* Hardcoded command line to start the system server */
    String args[] = {
    "--setuid=1000",
    "--setgid=1000",
    "--setgroups=1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1018,1021,1032,3001,3002,3003,3006,3007",
    "--capabilities=" + capabilities + "," + capabilities,
    "--nice-name=system_server",
    "--runtime-args",
    "com.android.server.SystemServer",
    };
    ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs = null;

    int pid;

    try {
    parsedArgs = new ZygoteConnection.Arguments(args);
    ZygoteConnection.applyDebuggerSystemProperty(parsedArgs);
    ZygoteConnection.applyInvokeWithSystemProperty(parsedArgs);

    /* Request to fork the system server process */
    pid = Zygote.forkSystemServer(
    parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,
    parsedArgs.gids,
    parsedArgs.debugFlags,
    null,
    parsedArgs.permittedCapabilities,
    parsedArgs.effectiveCapabilities);
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
    throw new RuntimeException(ex);
    }

    /* For child process */
    if (pid == 0) {
    if (hasSecondZygote(abiList)) {
    waitForSecondaryZygote(socketName);
    }

    handleSystemServerProcess(parsedArgs);
    }

    return true;
    }

3.SystemServer进程启动流程

3.1 SystemServer进程简介

  • SystemServer进程主要的作用是在这个进程中启动各种系统服务,比如ActivityManagerService,PackageManagerService,WindowManagerService服务,以及各种系统性的服务其实都是在SystemServer进程中启动的,而当我们的应用需要使用各种系统服务的时候其实也是通过与SystemServer进程通讯获取各种服务对象的句柄的。

3.2 SystemServer的main方法

  • 如下所示,比较简单,只是new出一个SystemServer对象并执行其run方法,查看SystemServer类的定义我们知道其实final类型的,所以我们一般不能重写或者继承。
  • image

3.3 查看run方法

  • 代码如下所示

    • 首先判断系统当前时间,若当前时间小于1970年1月1日,则一些初始化操作可能会处所,所以当系统的当前时间小于1970年1月1日的时候,设置系统当前时间为该时间点。
    • 然后是设置系统的语言环境等
    • 接着设置虚拟机运行内存,加载运行库,设置SystemServer的异步消息
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    private void run() {
    if (System.currentTimeMillis() < EARLIEST_SUPPORTED_TIME) {
    Slog.w(TAG, "System clock is before 1970; setting to 1970.");
    SystemClock.setCurrentTimeMillis(EARLIEST_SUPPORTED_TIME);
    }

    if (!SystemProperties.get("persist.sys.language").isEmpty()) {
    final String languageTag = Locale.getDefault().toLanguageTag();

    SystemProperties.set("persist.sys.locale", languageTag);
    SystemProperties.set("persist.sys.language", "");
    SystemProperties.set("persist.sys.country", "");
    SystemProperties.set("persist.sys.localevar", "");
    }

    Slog.i(TAG, "Entered the Android system server!");
    EventLog.writeEvent(EventLogTags.BOOT_PROGRESS_SYSTEM_RUN, SystemClock.uptimeMillis());

    SystemProperties.set("persist.sys.dalvik.vm.lib.2", VMRuntime.getRuntime().vmLibrary());

    if (SamplingProfilerIntegration.isEnabled()) {
    SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
    mProfilerSnapshotTimer = new Timer();
    mProfilerSnapshotTimer.schedule(new TimerTask() {
    @Override
    public void run() {
    SamplingProfilerIntegration.writeSnapshot("system_server", null);
    }
    }, SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL, SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL);
    }

    // Mmmmmm... more memory!
    VMRuntime.getRuntime().clearGrowthLimit();

    // The system server has to run all of the time, so it needs to be
    // as efficient as possible with its memory usage.
    VMRuntime.getRuntime().setTargetHeapUtilization(0.8f);

    // Some devices rely on runtime fingerprint generation, so make sure
    // we've defined it before booting further.
    Build.ensureFingerprintProperty();

    // Within the system server, it is an error to access Environment paths without
    // explicitly specifying a user.
    Environment.setUserRequired(true);

    // Ensure binder calls into the system always run at foreground priority.
    BinderInternal.disableBackgroundScheduling(true);

    // Prepare the main looper thread (this thread).
    android.os.Process.setThreadPriority(
    android.os.Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_FOREGROUND);
    android.os.Process.setCanSelfBackground(false);
    Looper.prepareMainLooper();

    // Initialize native services.
    System.loadLibrary("android_servers");

    // Check whether we failed to shut down last time we tried.
    // This call may not return.
    performPendingShutdown();

    // Initialize the system context.
    createSystemContext();

    // Create the system service manager.
    mSystemServiceManager = new SystemServiceManager(mSystemContext);
    LocalServices.addService(SystemServiceManager.class, mSystemServiceManager);

    // Start services.
    try {
    startBootstrapServices();
    startCoreServices();
    startOtherServices();
    } catch (Throwable ex) {
    Slog.e("System", "******************************************");
    Slog.e("System", "************ Failure starting system services", ex);
    throw ex;
    }

    // For debug builds, log event loop stalls to dropbox for analysis.
    if (StrictMode.conditionallyEnableDebugLogging()) {
    Slog.i(TAG, "Enabled StrictMode for system server main thread.");
    }

    // Loop forever.
    Looper.loop();
    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }
  • 然后下面的代码是:

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    // Initialize the system context.
    createSystemContext();

    // Create the system service manager.
    mSystemServiceManager = new SystemServiceManager(mSystemContext);
    LocalServices.addService(SystemServiceManager.class, mSystemServiceManager);

    // Start services.
    try {
    startBootstrapServices();
    startCoreServices();
    startOtherServices();
    } catch (Throwable ex) {
    Slog.e("System", "******************************************");
    Slog.e("System", "************ Failure starting system services", ex);
    throw ex;
    }

3.4 run方法中createSystemContext()解析

  • 调用createSystemContext()方法:

    • 可以看到在SystemServer进程中也存在着Context对象,并且是通过ActivityThread.systemMain方法创建context的,这一部分的逻辑以后会通过介绍Activity的启动流程来介绍,这里就不在扩展,只知道在SystemServer进程中也需要创建Context对象。
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    private void createSystemContext() {
    ActivityThread activityThread = ActivityThread.systemMain();
    mSystemContext = activityThread.getSystemContext();
    mSystemContext.setTheme(android.R.style.Theme_DeviceDefault_Light_DarkActionBar);
    }

3.5 mSystemServiceManager的创建

  • 看run方法中,通过SystemServiceManager的构造方法创建了一个新的SystemServiceManager对象,我们知道SystemServer进程主要是用来构建系统各种service服务的,而SystemServiceManager就是这些服务的管理对象。

  • 然后调用:

    • 将SystemServiceManager对象保存SystemServer进程中的一个数据结构中。
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    LocalServices.addService(SystemServiceManager.class, mSystemServiceManager);
  • 最后开始执行:

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    // Start services.
    try {
    startBootstrapServices();
    startCoreServices();
    startOtherServices();
    } catch (Throwable ex) {
    Slog.e("System", "******************************************");
    Slog.e("System", "************ Failure starting system services", ex);
    throw ex;
    }
    • 里面主要涉及了是三个方法:
      • startBootstrapServices() 主要用于启动系统Boot级服务
      • startCoreServices() 主要用于启动系统核心的服务
      • startOtherServices() 主要用于启动一些非紧要或者是非需要及时启动的服务

4.启动服务

4.1 启动哪些服务

  • 在开始执行启动服务之前总是会先尝试通过socket方式连接Zygote进程,在成功连接之后才会开始启动其他服务。
  • image

4.2 启动服务流程源码分析

  • 首先看一下startBootstrapServices方法:

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    private void startBootstrapServices() {
    Installer installer = mSystemServiceManager.startService(Installer.class);

    mActivityManagerService = mSystemServiceManager.startService(
    ActivityManagerService.Lifecycle.class).getService();
    mActivityManagerService.setSystemServiceManager(mSystemServiceManager);
    mActivityManagerService.setInstaller(installer);

    mPowerManagerService = mSystemServiceManager.startService(PowerManagerService.class);

    mActivityManagerService.initPowerManagement();

    // Manages LEDs and display backlight so we need it to bring up the display.
    mSystemServiceManager.startService(LightsService.class);

    // Display manager is needed to provide display metrics before package manager
    // starts up.
    mDisplayManagerService = mSystemServiceManager.startService(DisplayManagerService.class);

    // We need the default display before we can initialize the package manager.
    mSystemServiceManager.startBootPhase(SystemService.PHASE_WAIT_FOR_DEFAULT_DISPLAY);

    // Only run "core" apps if we're encrypting the device.
    String cryptState = SystemProperties.get("vold.decrypt");
    if (ENCRYPTING_STATE.equals(cryptState)) {
    Slog.w(TAG, "Detected encryption in progress - only parsing core apps");
    mOnlyCore = true;
    } else if (ENCRYPTED_STATE.equals(cryptState)) {
    Slog.w(TAG, "Device encrypted - only parsing core apps");
    mOnlyCore = true;
    }

    // Start the package manager.
    Slog.i(TAG, "Package Manager");
    mPackageManagerService = PackageManagerService.main(mSystemContext, installer,
    mFactoryTestMode != FactoryTest.FACTORY_TEST_OFF, mOnlyCore);
    mFirstBoot = mPackageManagerService.isFirstBoot();
    mPackageManager = mSystemContext.getPackageManager();

    Slog.i(TAG, "User Service");
    ServiceManager.addService(Context.USER_SERVICE, UserManagerService.getInstance());

    // Initialize attribute cache used to cache resources from packages.
    AttributeCache.init(mSystemContext);

    // Set up the Application instance for the system process and get started.
    mActivityManagerService.setSystemProcess();

    // The sensor service needs access to package manager service, app ops
    // service, and permissions service, therefore we start it after them.
    startSensorService();
    }
  • 先执行:

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    Installer installer = mSystemServiceManager.startService(Installer.class);
  • mSystemServiceManager是系统服务管理对象,在main方法中已经创建完成,这里我们看一下其startService方法的具体实现:

    • 可以看到通过反射器构造方法创建出服务类,然后添加到SystemServiceManager的服务列表数据中,最后调用了service.onStart()方法,因为传递的是Installer.class
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    public <T extends SystemService> T startService(Class<T> serviceClass) {
    final String name = serviceClass.getName();
    Slog.i(TAG, "Starting " + name);

    // Create the service.
    if (!SystemService.class.isAssignableFrom(serviceClass)) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create " + name
    + ": service must extend " + SystemService.class.getName());
    }
    final T service;
    try {
    Constructor<T> constructor = serviceClass.getConstructor(Context.class);
    service = constructor.newInstance(mContext);
    } catch (InstantiationException ex) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create service " + name
    + ": service could not be instantiated", ex);
    } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create service " + name
    + ": service must have a public constructor with a Context argument", ex);
    } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create service " + name
    + ": service must have a public constructor with a Context argument", ex);
    } catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create service " + name
    + ": service constructor threw an exception", ex);
    }

    // Register it.
    mServices.add(service);

    // Start it.
    try {
    service.onStart();
    } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Failed to start service " + name
    + ": onStart threw an exception", ex);
    }
    return service;
    }
  • 看一下Installer的onStart方法:

    • 很简单就是执行了mInstaller的waitForConnection方法,这里简单介绍一下Installer类,该类是系统安装apk时的一个服务类,继承SystemService(系统服务的一个抽象接口),需要在启动完成Installer服务之后才能启动其他的系统服务。
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    @Override
    public void onStart() {
    Slog.i(TAG, "Waiting for installd to be ready.");
    mInstaller.waitForConnection();
    }
  • 然后查看waitForConnection()方法:

    • 通过追踪代码可以发现,其在不断的通过ping命令连接Zygote进程(SystemServer和Zygote进程通过socket方式通讯,其他进程通过Binder方式通讯)
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    public void waitForConnection() {
    for (;;) {
    if (execute("ping") >= 0) {
    return;
    }
    Slog.w(TAG, "installd not ready");
    SystemClock.sleep(1000);
    }
    }
  • 继续看startBootstrapServices方法:

    • 这段代码主要是用于启动ActivityManagerService服务,并为其设置SysServiceManager和Installer。ActivityManagerService是系统中一个非常重要的服务,Activity,service,Broadcast,contentProvider都需要通过其余系统交互。
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    // Activity manager runs the show.
    mActivityManagerService = mSystemServiceManager.startService(
    ActivityManagerService.Lifecycle.class).getService();
    mActivityManagerService.setSystemServiceManager(mSystemServiceManager);
    mActivityManagerService.setInstaller(installer);
  • 首先看一下Lifecycle类的定义:

    • 可以看到其实ActivityManagerService的一个静态内部类,在其构造方法中会创建一个ActivityManagerService,通过刚刚对Installer服务的分析我们知道,SystemServiceManager的startService方法会调用服务的onStart()方法,而在Lifecycle类的定义中我们看到其onStart()方法直接调用了mService.start()方法,mService是Lifecycle类中对ActivityManagerService的引用
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    public static final class Lifecycle extends SystemService {
    private final ActivityManagerService mService;

    public Lifecycle(Context context) {
    super(context);
    mService = new ActivityManagerService(context);
    }

    @Override
    public void onStart() {
    mService.start();
    }

    public ActivityManagerService getService() {
    return mService;
    }
    }

4.3 启动部分服务

  • 启动PowerManagerService服务:

    • 启动方式跟上面的ActivityManagerService服务相似都会调用其构造方法和onStart方法,PowerManagerService主要用于计算系统中和Power相关的计算,然后决策系统应该如何反应。同时协调Power如何与系统其它模块的交互,比如没有用户活动时,屏幕变暗等等。
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    mPowerManagerService = mSystemServiceManager.startService(PowerManagerService.class);
    • 然后是启动LightsService服务

      • 主要是手机中关于闪光灯,LED等相关的服务;也是会调用LightsService的构造方法和onStart方法;
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      mSystemServiceManager.startService(LightsService.class);
    • 然后是启动DisplayManagerService服务

      • 主要是手机显示方面的服务
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      mDisplayManagerService = mSystemServiceManager.startService(DisplayManagerService.class);
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  • 然后是启动PackageManagerService,该服务也是android系统中一个比较重要的服务

    • 包括多apk文件的安装,解析,删除,卸载等等操作。
    • 可以看到PackageManagerService服务的启动方式与其他服务的启动方式有一些区别,直接调用了PackageManagerService的静态main方法
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    Slog.i(TAG, "Package Manager");
    mPackageManagerService = PackageManagerService.main(mSystemContext, installer,
    mFactoryTestMode != FactoryTest.FACTORY_TEST_OFF, mOnlyCore);
    mFirstBoot = mPackageManagerService.isFirstBoot();
    mPackageManager = mSystemContext.getPackageManager();
    • 看一下其main方法的具体实现:
      • 可以看到也是直接使用new的方式创建了一个PackageManagerService对象,并在其构造方法中初始化相关变量,最后调用了ServiceManager.addService方法,主要是通过Binder机制与JNI层交互
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    public static PackageManagerService main(Context context, Installer installer,
    boolean factoryTest, boolean onlyCore) {
    PackageManagerService m = new PackageManagerService(context, installer,
    factoryTest, onlyCore);
    ServiceManager.addService("package", m);
    return m;
    }
  • 然后查看startCoreServices方法:

    • 可以看到这里启动了BatteryService(电池相关服务),UsageStatsService,WebViewUpdateService服务等。
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    private void startCoreServices() {
    // Tracks the battery level. Requires LightService.
    mSystemServiceManager.startService(BatteryService.class);

    // Tracks application usage stats.
    mSystemServiceManager.startService(UsageStatsService.class);
    mActivityManagerService.setUsageStatsManager(
    LocalServices.getService(UsageStatsManagerInternal.class));
    // Update after UsageStatsService is available, needed before performBootDexOpt.
    mPackageManagerService.getUsageStatsIfNoPackageUsageInfo();

    // Tracks whether the updatable WebView is in a ready state and watches for update installs.
    mSystemServiceManager.startService(WebViewUpdateService.class);
    }

总结:

  • SystemServer进程是android中一个很重要的进程由Zygote进程启动;
  • SystemServer进程主要用于启动系统中的服务;
  • SystemServer进程启动服务的启动函数为main函数;
  • SystemServer在执行过程中首先会初始化一些系统变量,加载类库,创建Context对象,创建SystemServiceManager对象等之后才开始启动系统服务;
  • SystemServer进程将系统服务分为三类:boot服务,core服务和other服务,并逐步启动
  • SertemServer进程在尝试启动服务之前会首先尝试与Zygote建立socket通讯,只有通讯成功之后才会开始尝试启动服务;
  • 创建的系统服务过程中主要通过SystemServiceManager对象来管理,通过调用服务对象的构造方法和onStart方法初始化服务的相关变量;
  • 服务对象都有自己的异步消息对象,并运行在单独的线程中;